Retrospective analysis on FMD epizootic situation caused by Asia-1 virus

DOI 10.33861/2071-8020-2021-4-3-6

Mishchenko A.V., Mishchenko V.A., Krivonos R.A., Lysenko A.A., Chernykh O.Yu., Belousov V.I.

Summary. Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute highly contagious disease of artiodactyls and calluses of domestic and wild animals, manifested by fever, vesicular (aphthous) lesions of the mucous membrane of the tongue and oral cavity, udder skin, corolla, interdigital fissure and crumbs. Foot-and-mouth disease refers to transboundary infections - diseases that can spread rapidly regardless of national borders, are of great economic importance and affect trade between countries and food security. FMD tends to be widespread and epizootic. Difficulties in the fight against foot-and-mouth disease cause: high contagiousness of the disease, a tendency to global spread, a wide range of susceptible animals, many immunological types of pathogens, a variety of ways of isolation and distribution mechanisms, the ability to persist for a long time in the external environment and in the body of immune animals. The causative agent of foot and mouth disease is a virus belonging to the genus of aphthoviruses, which includes 7 immunological types (A, 0, C, CAT-1, CAT-2, CAT-3 and Asia-1). Viruses of types A, O and C were isolated from samples of pathological material taken from animals with foot-and-mouth disease in Germany, France and Italy (1922-1926). FMD viruses of the CAT 1-3 types were isolated from samples of pathological material taken from animals with FMD from the countries of South Africa (1948). FMD virus type Asia-1 was first detected in samples of pathological material taken from Asian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) patients with foot and mouth disease in 1944 in the Rawalpindi province of India. Subsequently, foot-and-mouth disease caused by this pathogen was reported in several countries of the Indian subcontinent. Since the isolated FMD virus was not identified, the causative agent was named ‘atypical strain' of the FMD virus. In 1954, this pathogen was identified as Asia-1 FMD virus. In subsequent years, foot and mouth disease caused by the Asia-1 virus was diagnosed in a number of South Asian countries (Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand); Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal); Near and Middle East (Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Turkey). Outbreaks of foot and mouth disease caused by Asia-1 virus have been reported in China and Mongolia. The tense epizootic situation of foot and mouth disease caused by the Asia-1 virus in many countries of Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle and Near East indicates a high level of constant risk of this type of pathogen being introduced into the territory of the Russian Federation. The paper provides data on the alleged sources, routes of entry and mechanisms of spread of the FMD virus type Asia-1 on the territory of the Soviet Union (1964-1984) and the Russian Federation (2005-2016).

Keywords: foot-and-mouth disease, Asia-1 type virus, large horned cattle, pigs, sheep, aphthae, erosion, source of infection, pathways and mechanisms of pathogen spread, Amur region, Chita region, Vladimir region, Khabarovsk region, Primorsky region, neighboring state, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, India, Pakistan, Mongolia, Iran, Turkey.

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Author affiliation:

Mishchenko Aleksey V., Ph.D. in Veterinary Medicine, senior scientific researcher of the information analysis center of the Federal Centre of Animal Health; mcrd. Yurjevets, Vladimir, 600901; phone: 8-4922-261551; e-mail: a.mischenko@mcx.ru.

Mishchenko Vladimir A., D.Sc. in Veterinary Medicine, professor, chief scientific researcher of the Laboratory of the prevention of diseases of pigs and horned cattle of the Federal Centre of Animal Health; mcrd. Yurjevets, Vladimir, 600901; phone: 8-4922-261551; e-mail: mishenko@arriah.ru.

Krivonos Roman A., Ph.D. in Veterinary Medicine, docent of the department of parasitology, veterinary-sanitary expertise and zoohygiene of the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin; 13, Kalinina st., Krasnodar, 350044; e-mail: uv@krasnodar.ru.

Lysenko Aleksandr A., D.Sc. in Veterinary Medicine, Professor, professor of the department of therapy and pharmacology of the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin; 7, 29, Rozhdestvenskaya emb., Krasnodar, 350089; phone: 8-961-5075415; e-mail: vet.kubgau@mail.ru.

Belousov Vasiliy I., D.Sc. in Veterinary Medicine, Professor, Chief Scientific Researcher of the Department of coordination of research works of the Central Scientific and Methodological Veterinary Laboratory; 23, Oranzhereynaya st., Moscow, 111622.

Responsible for correspondence with the editorial board: Chernykh Oleg Yu., D.Sc. in Veterinary Medicine, docent, professor of the Department of microbiology, epizootology and virology of the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin; 13, Kalinina st., Krasnodar, 350044; phone: 8-918-4956659; e-mail: gukkvl50@kubanvet.ru.